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Minister of Home Affairs | |
---|---|
Assumed office 30 May 2019 | |
Prime Minister | Narendra Modi |
Preceded by | Rajnath Singh |
Chairperson of the National Democratic Alliance | |
Assumed office 9 July 2014 | |
Preceded by | L. K. Advani |
President of the Bharatiya Janata Party | |
Assumed office 9 July 2014 | |
Preceded by | Rajnath Singh |
Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha | |
Assumed office 23 May 2019 | |
Preceded by | L. K. Advani |
Constituency | Gandhinagar |
MP of Rajya Sabha for Gujarat | |
In office 19 August 2017 – 29 May 2019 | |
Preceded by | Dilip Pandya |
Constituency | Gujarat |
Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly | |
In office 2012–2017 | |
Constituency | Naranpura |
In office 1997–2012 | |
Preceded by | Harishchandra Lavjibhai Patel |
Constituency | Sarkhej |
Home Minister of Gujarat | |
In office 2002–2014 | |
Personal details | |
Born | 22 October 1964 (age 54)[1] Mumbai, Maharashtra, India |
Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
Spouse(s) | Sonal Shah |
Children | Jay Shah |
Alma mater | Gujarat University |
Website | www.amitshah.co.in |
Nickname(s) | Chanakya of Indian politics [2][3][4] |
Amit Anilchandra Shah (born 22 October 1964) is an Indian politician and the current Minister of Home Affairs who has been President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 2014. He was elected to the lower House of Parliament the Lok Sabha in the 2019 Indian general election from Gandhinagar. He was earlier elected as a member of the upper House of Parliament the Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 2017. He is the chief strategist of the BJP and closet aide and brain behind Narendra Modi's rise. [5][6]
During his college days Shah was a member of ABVP, student wing of the RSS. At the age of 18 he secured a position in the ABVP. After working tirelessly for the organisation, he was sent to BJP in 1987.
Shah was first elected in Gujarat as the MLA for a seat partly covering Ahmedabad, Sarkhej in 1997 (a by-election) holding it in 1998, 2002 and 2007 until the seat's 2008 dissolution, then for nearby Naranpura, from 2012-2017. He is a close associate of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and held executive portfolios in the state government during Modi's tenure as its Chief Minister.
Shah was the BJP's in-charge for India's largest and politically most crucial state, Uttar Pradesh, during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. The BJP and its allies swept the state, registering their best performance, by winning 73 out of 80 seats. As a result, Shah rose to national prominence and was appointed as the party's national president in July 2014.[7]
He has played an organising and membership-promotional role in elections of many states since 2014. In his initial two years, the BJP achieved success in Legislative Assembly elections in Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand in 2014 and in Assam but lost ground in Delhi and the large eastern state of Bihar in 2015.
He was in 2017 partly credited with the party landslides in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and the party's modern heartland state of Gujarat[8] in which year was marked the party's strong debut in much smaller Manipur, but the Akali-BJP alliance lost power in considerably larger Punjab.[9] In 2018 the party lost power in the states of Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The next year, BJP won 303 seats to get majority in the 2019 Indian general election, making Amit Shah the most successful BJP President ever.[10]
- 3As a Gujarat minister
- 3.3Other controversies
- 4Rise in national politics
Early life
Amit Shah was born in Mumbai on 22 October 1964.[11] His family were well-to-do GujaratiHinduBaniya family.[12][13][14] His great grandfather was the nagarseth of the small state of Mansa.[15] His father Anil Chandra Shah, a businessman from Mansa, owned a successful PVCpipe business.[16] He did his schooling in Mehsana and moved to Ahmedabad to study biochemistry at CU Shah Science College. He graduated with a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry, and then worked for his father's business.[16] He also worked as a stockbroker and in co-operative banks in Ahmedabad.[17]
Shah was involved with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh since childhood, participating in the neighbourhood shakhas (branches) as a boy. He formally became an RSS swayamsevak (volunteer) during his college days in Ahmedabad.[12] He first met Narendra Modi in 1982 through Ahmedabad RSS circles.[12] At that time, Modi was an RSS pracharak (propagator), working as in-charge of youth activities in city.[16]
Early political career
Amit Shah started his political career as a leader of the student wing of the RSS, the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, in 1983.[12][18] He joined BJP in 1987, one year before Modi joined the party.[16] He became an activist of BJP's youth wing Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) in 1987. He then gradually rose in the BJYM hierarchy, holding various posts including that of ward secretary, taluka secretary, state secretary, vice-president, and general secretary.[12] He came into limelight for his excellent management when he was the election campaign manager for Lal Krishna Advani in Gandhinagar during the 1991 Lok Sabha elections .[1][19]
In 1995, BJP formed its first government in Gujarat, with Keshubhai Patel as the Chief Minister. At that time, BJP's main rival Indian National Congress was highly influential in rural Gujarat. Modi and Shah worked together to decimate Congress in the rural areas. Their strategy was to find the second most influential leader in every village, and get him or her to join BJP. They created a network of 8,000 influential rural leaders who had lost elections to the pradhan (village chief) post in various villages.[12]
Modi and Shah used the same strategy to reduce Congress' influence over the state's powerful co-operatives, which play an important role in the state's economy. In 1999, Shah was elected as the president of Ahmedabad District Cooperative Bank (ADCB), the biggest cooperative bank in India. In Gujarat, such elections had traditionally been won on the caste considerations, and the co-operative banks had traditionally been controlled by Patels, Gaderias and Kshatriyas. Despite not belonging to any of these castes, Shah won the election. At that time, the bank was on the verge of collapsing, having accumulated losses of ₹ 36 crore. Shah turned around the bank's fortune within a year's time: the next year, the bank registered a profit of ₹ 27 crore. By 2014, the bank's profit had increased to around ₹ 250 crore.[12] Shah also ensured that 11 of the Bank's 22 directors were BJP loyalists.[16]
Modi and Shah also sought to reduce the Congress hold over sports bodies in the state.[12] Shah served as the president of Gujarat State Chess Association.[18] In 2009, he became the vice-president of the cash-rich Gujarat Cricket Association (GCA), when Narendra Modi served as its president.[16] In 2014, after Modi became Prime Minister of India, Shah became the president of GCA.
Modi, who had become a general secretary in the party's state unit by the early 1990s, used his influence to get bigger roles for Shah. He convinced Patel to appoint Shah as the chairman of the Gujarat State Financial Corporation, a public sector financial institution which finances small and medium-scale enterprises. After Shankersinh Vaghela and some other leaders complained about Modi's growing clout in the Gujarat government, the party leadership moved Modi out of Gujarat, to the BJP headquarters in Delhi. During this time (1995-2001), Shah served as Modi's informer in Gujarat.[16]
In 1997, Modi lobbied to get Shah a BJP ticket for the Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-election in Sarkhej.[20] Shah became an MLA in February 1997 after winning the by-election.[21] He retained his seat in the 1998 Assembly elections.[22]
As a Gujarat minister
PM Modi addresses a BJP National Council Meet
In October 2001, BJP replaced Keshubhai Patel with Narendra Modi as the chief minister of Gujarat, following allegations of inefficient administration. Over the next few years, Modi and Shah gradually sidelined their political rivals.[16]
Amit Shah contested the 2002 Assembly election from the Sarkhej constituency in Ahmedabad. He won by the highest margin among all candidates: 158,036 votes. In the 2007 Assembly election, he won from Sarkhej again, improving his margin of victory.[18]
During Narendra Modi's twelve-year tenure as the Gujarat CM, Shah emerged as one of the most powerful leaders in Gujarat. After winning the 2002 elections, he became the youngest minister in the Modi government, and was given multiple portfolios.[1] At one time, he held 12 portfolios: Home, Law and Justice, Prison, Border Security, Civil Defence, Excise, Transport, Prohibition, Home Guards, Gram Rakshak Dal, Police Housing, and Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs.[16]
In 2004, the Congress-led Central Government announced its intention to repeal the Prevention of Terrorism Act, calling it regressive. Amit Shah piloted the Gujarat Control of Organised Crime (Amendment) Bill through Gujarat state assembly amid an opposition walk-out.[23]
Shah also played an important role in convincing the Narendra Modi government to pass the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, which made religious conversions difficult in Hindu-majority Gujarat. His opponents argued that the Act went against the rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, but Shah defended the bill, calling it a measure against forced conversions. His efforts in getting the bill passed impressed the senior leadership of RSS.[12]
Police encounter cases
Amit Shah and Udit Raj
In 2010, Amit Shah was accused of having orchestrated the extrajudicial killings of criminal [24]Sohrabuddin Sheikh, his wife Kauser Bi and his criminal associate Tulsiram Prajapati. According to the CBI, Sohrabuddin had been harassing some marble traders of Rajasthan, by demanding hefty protection money. CBI claimed that two of these marble traders paid Amit Shah to eliminate Sohrabuddin. Amit Shah, along with the police officers DIGDG Vanzara and SP Rajkumar Pandian, allegedly hatched a plan to kill Sohrabuddin. In 2004, DCP Abhay Chudasama pressured Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram to fire at the office of two builder brothers - Raman Patel and Dashrath Patel.[25] This was done so that a fresh criminal case could be registered against Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram. The next year, the police picked up Sohrabuddin, Kausar Bi and Tulsiram, and took them to a farmhouse near Ahmedabad. Sohrabuddin was killed in a staged attack, with Vanzara claiming that he was a Lashkar-e-Taiba operative. Kausar Bi was also killed and cremated for being a witness. Tulsiram was initially let off, as he was an informer of Vanzara. He was eliminated later, after Sohrabuddin's death was exposed as an extrajudicial killing by a journalist. CBI claimed that Amit Shah had transferred Vanzara to various places in order to facilitate these killings.[26][27]
Vanzara and several other officers were arrested in the case. As proof of Amit Shah's involvement in the crimes, the CBI presented phone call records, which showed that Shah had been in touch with the accused police officers when the victims were in their illegal custody. It also presented videotapes of Patel brothers' conversations with two of Amit Shah's associates at Ahmedabad District Cooperative Bank (ADCB). In the tape, ADCB Director Yashpal Chudasama and its Chairman Ajay Patel can be seen asking the brothers not to involve Amit Shah's name in the case. Yashpal Chudasama is the brother of the accused police officer Abhay Chudasama. According to CBI, Abhay used to run an extortion racket, with Sohrabuddin as his henchman.[28] The Patel brothers, who had several criminal cases against them, also spoke against Amit Shah. They claimed that the police had falsely implicated them into various cases between 2001-2005 in order to extort money from them. They also claimed that Vanzara made them talk to Amit Shah over phone, and Amit Shah threatened them into giving a statement against Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram. They further stated that, in 2006, Ajay Patel and Abhay Chudasama called them again on behalf of Amit Shah, asking them to give certain statements to CBI.[29]
Shah dismissed all the accusations against him as politically motivated. He pointed out that during his tenure as the Home Minister, Gujarat was one of the states with minimum number of police encounters in the country. He stated that he kept in touch with the police officers on the phone in the normal course of his duties as the home minister.[30] He accused the Congress of misusing CBI, and claimed that only the encounter cases in Gujarat were being scrutinised when the rest of the country had witnessed around 1500 encounters during the same period.[31] He said that if CBI had any solid evidence against him, it would have been able to frame charges against him.[16] In 2010, Police Commissioner Geeta Johri, who first investigated the case, claimed that CBI was pressurizing her to falsely implicate Amit Shah in the Sohrabuddin case.[32]
DG Vanzara was also accused in the Ishrat Jahan fake encounter case, but the CBI gave Amit Shah a clean sheet in the case.[33]
Arrest and exile
Amit Shah was arrested on 25 July 2010 in connection with the Sohrabuddin case. He was charged with the murder, extortion, and kidnapping among other charges. At one time, Shah was considered as one of the main contenders for the Gujarat Chief Minister's post. However, his political career was hurt by the arrest. Many leaders in the Gujarat government distanced themselves from him. His fellow ministers considered him as an autocratic person, who did not have good relations with his colleagues.[18]
When Shah applied for bail, the CBI raised concerns that he would use his political power to prevent justice from taking its course.[16] The Gujarat High Court granted him bail three months after his arrest, on Friday, 29 October 2010. However, the next day, when the courts were closed, Justice Aftab Alam took a petition at his residence to bar him from entering Gujarat.[12] Shah was thus forcibly exiled from the state from 2010 to 2012.[16] He and his wife moved to a room in Gujarat Bhavan, Delhi.[12] Later, the Supreme Court canceled his bail on a CBI plea. In September 2012, the Supreme Court granted him bail, and allowed him to return to Gujarat. He then contested and won the 2012 Assembly election from Naranpura constituency (the Sarkhej constituency had ceased to exist after delimitation).[18]
Other controversies
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visits Shauryanjali, a commemorative exhibition on the 1965 war
Shah was accused of sidelining the police officers who testified against the Gujarat government in cases related to the fake encounters and the 2002 riots. Additional DGPR. B. Sreekumar, who gave evidence to the Nanavati-Shah commission, was allegedly denied promotion. Rahul Sharma, who handed over phone records of police officers and politicians to the Commission, was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act. Additional DGP Kuldeep Sharma alleged that he had been moved from the police department to Gujarat State Sheep and Wool Development Corporation, after he accused Shah of taking a bribe of Rs 2.5 crore to bail out a conman who fraudulently withdrew Rs 1,600 crore from the Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank. Kuldeep Sharma was later made advisor to the central home ministry by the Congress government. His brother Pradeep Sharma was imprisoned in Gujarat from 2010 to 2011 on corruption charges. The brothers claim that the Gujarat Government was harassing them.[16] Shah has also been accused of manipulating the electoral constituency delimitation exercise in Gujarat to favour BJP.[20]
Snoopgate
In 2013, Amit Shah was accused of having ordered illegal surveillance on a woman in 2009, during his tenure as a home minister. The investigative websites Cobrapost and Gulail released a set of taped audio conversations between Amit Shah and police officer GL Singhal. The tapes had been submitted to the CBI in the Ishrat Jahan fake encounter case, and were leaked to these portals. The calls detail how the state machinery was used to surveil the woman and the IAS officer Pradeep Sharma (who was suspended by the Gujarat Government). Both Singhal and Shah repeatedly refer to a higher authority as Saheb, believed to be the Chief Minister Narendra Modi.[34] Shah denied all the accusations against him, calling them political propaganda by his opponents.[16] BJP's political opponents demanded a probe in this Snoopgate case. However, in May 2014, the woman approached the Supreme Court and stated that the surveillance on her was based on a 'personal request', and she was thankful to the Gujarat government for ensuring her safety. She requested the court to block any investigation, stating that it would violate her privacy.[35]
Rise in national politics
After Narendra Modi became the Prime Ministerial candidate of BJP, Shah's influence also increased in the party. The two have been accused of sidelining other BJP leaders such as Lal Krishna Advani, Sushma Swaraj, Murli Manohar Joshi and Jaswant Singh.[16] By this time, Shah had gained recognition as an excellent election campaign manager, and had been dubbed a 'modern-day Chanakya and master strategist'.[36] Shah was appointed as a BJP general secretary, and was given charge of Uttar Pradesh (UP). He was chosen not by Modi, but by Rajnath Singh, who had been impressed by the skills that Shah displayed in wresting control of various Congress-controlled organizations in Gujarat.[12] The decision did not go down well with many in the party, who saw him as a liability owing to the criminal charges against him. Political analysts such as Shekhar Gupta termed the decision as a blunder.[37]
Uttar Pradesh general elections
Amit Shah's political career, which had declined after his arrest in 2010, revived after BJP's victory in the 2014 general election. In UP, where Shah was the in-charge, BJP and its allies won 73 out of 80 seats. Shah had been made in charge of BJP's UP campaigning on 12 June 2013, less than a year before the elections.[16] Since February 2012, Shah had spent considerable time in UP, trying to understand the reasons for the Samajwadi Party's winning performance in the 2012 UP Assembly elections. Shah realised that the voters were dissatisfied with the Samajwadi Party, which he believed had failed to keep its election promises after the win. He also took advantage of the OBC voters' displeasure with the UP government's decision to create 4.5% reservation for the minorities within the 27% OBC quota in government jobs and education.[16]
Shah personally oversaw the candidate selection, emphasizing on the candidate's local clout and winning potential as the only criteria for selection, as opposed to the candidate's party loyalty or ideology. His team estimated that only 35% of the BJP's traditional supporters had actually voted in the UP elections. Therefore, he focused on door-to-door campaigning at the booth-level. He set up a 7-to-10 member management committee for each of the 140,000 voting booths in the state. For each booth, his team collated lists of voters and reached out to them.[16] Shah's team used 450 GPS-enabled mobile vans ('video raths') to reach out to the masses in remote areas, where media reach was negligible.[38] Shah personally covered 76 out of 80 Lok Sabha constituencies. He also insisted on Modi contesting election from Varanasi.[39]
Shah convinced Modi to utilize RSS volunteers for grassroots campaigning, which proved highly beneficial for BJP.[39] Although RSS officially did not get involved in electioneering, Shah used its volunteers to mobilize and monitor the campaigners. For example, the RSS volunteers would cross-check a BJP worker's claims of having targeted a given number of households.[16] Shah also helped organize 'mega rallies' for Modi. Like other major political parties, BJP provisioned one van per village to transport people to the rally venue. However, unlike others, Shah decided that BJP would not provide money for hiring these vehicles. Instead, he declared that the party workers organizing the transportation would be made the leaders of the BJP units in their respective villages. This strategy ensured that a number of local village leaders developed a stake in Modi's victory.[12]
Critics accused Amit Shah of trying to polarize the UP voters along the religious lines. While visiting Ayodhya for a meeting with the party's local committee, he raised the Ram Janmabhoomi temple issue (see Ayodhya dispute). BJP fielded three candidates accused of inciting violence during the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riots. These were seen as attempts to target the party's Hindu nationalist base.[16] An FIR was registered against Shah for a speech in Muzaffarnagar, where he urged the voters to seek 'revenge' through their votes.[20] He also took advantage of Shia Muslim antipathy towards Sunni Muslims in Lucknow.[40]
Shah also played an important role in BJP's election campaigning strategy outside Uttar Pradesh. He focused on building Modi's image as a strong leader. At times, he opposed even Modi on several strategic campaigning issues. For example, when Modi praised his opponent and prospective post-poll ally Mamata Banerjee, Shah insisted that BJP must not divert from the 'Modi-versus-all' tactic.[39] Shah was also responsible for forging BJP's alliances with regional parties like Pattali Makkal Katchi.[20]
BJP President
Modi congratulates Amit Shah as he becomes BJP President
In July 2014, BJP's Central Parliamentary Board unanimously approved Amit Shah's appointment as president of the party.[41] He was reelected BJP President unanimously on 24 January 2016.[42]
After becoming party president, Shah started an aggressive membership drive and by March 2015 BJP claimed 100 million members.[43][44]
Under his leadership during 2014-16, BJP achieved success in Legislative Assembly elections in Maharashtra, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand and Assam, but lost the elections in Delhi and Bihar.[45]
Shah also spearheaded campaigning in the 2017 assembly elections, which gave BJP resounding success in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, meaning the party won its greatest run in percentage terms in recent state assembly elections: 325 seats out of 403.[46][47] BJP made some headway into Manipur.[48] Under his stewardship, the BJP has also won 2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly polls for a record six times and wrested power from the INC during the 2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly polls. In March 2018, BJP won first time in the left-ruled northeastern state of Tripura with a two-thirds majority. BJP also made gains in Nagaland and Meghalaya and formed government in both states with its allies.
Amit Shah led BJP to victory in the Indian general election, 2019, becoming the most successful BJP President ever, in the process.[10] During the election campaign, he visited 312 of the 543 Lok Sabha constituencies, holding 18 road shows, 161 public meetings, and over 1,500 BJP meetings.[49]
He is often referred to as a modern day Chanakya,[50] who had skillfully replaced the Nanda dynasty by the young Chandragupta Maurya. He himself is an admirer of Chanakya. Responding to the questions from a reporter about a portrait of Chanakya at his New Delhi residance in 2016, he said: '[I admire] Chanakya because he was knowledgeable. His sutras are eternal. Economics, politics, the problem of governance are all there.” The Bhagavata Purana is another of his favourite books, which he studied when he was in prison.[51]
Home minister
Shah took oath as Cabinet Minister on 30 May 2019. He took office as Minister of Home Affairs on 1 June 2019.[52]
Electoral record
Since 1989, Shah has fought 28 elections to various local bodies. As of 2019, he has never lost an election.
Election | Year | Constituency | Result | Votes | % Votes | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gujarat Legislative Assembly (by-election) | 1997 | Sarkhej | Won | 76,839 | 56.10% | [53] |
Gujarat Legislative Assembly | 1998 | Sarkhej | Won | 193,373 | 69.81% | [22] |
Gujarat Legislative Assembly | 2002 | Sarkhej | Won | 288,327 | 66.98% | [54] |
Gujarat Legislative Assembly | 2007 | Sarkhej | Won | 407,659 | 68.00% | [55] |
Gujarat Legislative Assembly | 2012 | Naranpura | Won | 103,988 | 69.19% | [56] |
General Election | 2019 | Gandhinagar | Won | 888,210 | 69.76% |
Personal life
Amit Shah is married to Sonal Shah and the couple have a son named Jay. Shah was very close to his mother, who died from an illness on 8 June 2010.[12][16] People close to Shah have described him as someone who does not like to socialize much.[57]
He has six sisters, two of whom two live abroad in Chicago.[58][59]
References
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- ^Desk, The Hindu Net (18 December 2017). 'Gujarat Assembly election results: Counting ends as BJP closes out Gujarat with 99 seats; Congress claims 77'. The Hindu. ISSN0971-751X. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
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- ^ ab'Amit Shah in new role after being most successful BJP chief'. Economic Times. 30 May 2019.
- ^Premal Balan (10 July 2014). 'Amit Shah: An organisation man at helm'. Business Standard.
- ^ abcdefghijklmnPR Ramesh (11 April 2014). 'His Master's Mind'. Open.
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Amit Shah, himself a baniya
- ^The ‘Shah’ of BJP’s game plan who wants to alter India’s political culture, Patric French, Hindustan Times, Jul 17, 2016
- ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuPoornima Joshi (1 April 2014). 'The Organiser'. Caravan.
- ^Sheela Bhatt (28 July 2010). 'What Amit Shah's fall really means'. rediff.com.
- ^ abcde'Who is Amit Shah?'. NDTV. 12 June 2013.
- ^'From sticking bills for BJP to managing Union home ministry: Rise and rise of Amit Shah'. Prabhash K Dutta. India Today. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
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- ^Abhishek Sharan (26 July 2010). ''Cop transfers part of Shah plan''. Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012.
- ^Bhupendra Chaubey (26 July 2010). 'CBI 'proof' against Shah: Sohrabuddin tapes'. CNN-IBN.
- ^'He (Amit Shah) smiled and said Sohrabuddin had himself closed the option of keeping himself alive...'Indian Express. 24 November 2011.
- ^Aman Sharma (14 November 2013). 'CBI to file crucial charge-sheets in Gujarat fake encounters' case'. Economic times.
- ^Sheela Bhatt (8 October 2013). ''Encounter cases are politically motivated; non-Gujarat encounters are never scrutinised''. rediff.com.
- ^J. Venkatesan (29 August 2010). 'CBI putting pressure on me: Geeta Johri'. The Hindu.
- ^'CBI clean chit for Amit Shah in Ishrat Jahan encounter case'. The Times of India. 7 May 2014.
- ^'News Detail'. Cobrapost.com. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
- ^Deepshikha Ghosh (6 May 2014). 'Snoopgate: 'Thankful' for Surveillance, Woman Tells Supreme Court'. NDTV.
- ^Amit Shah set for bigger role if BJP wins, Vinay Kumar, April 12, 2014
- ^Shekhar Gupta (8 April 2014). Anticipating India. HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 369. ISBN978-93-5136-256-2.
- ^Yojna Gosai (18 May 2014). 'Sunday Interview: We had 450 video raths with GPS and I'd get feedback on my mobile, says Amit Shah'. Deccan Chronicle.
- ^ abcPrarthna Gahilote (26 May 2014). 'Judgement Day Feast For The Shah Of Shahs'. Outlook.
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- ^'Uttar Pradesh election results: How BJP chief Amit Shah crafted a winning strategy for PM Modi', The Economic Times, 11 March 2017
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- ^Amit Shah: BJP's Chanakya who strategised and delivered Modi wave 2.0, PTI, May 23, 2019
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- ^'Bye-Elections 1997: Sarkhej'. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^'State Elections 2002: 64-Sarkhej Constituency of Gujarat'. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
- ^'State Elections 2007: 64-Sarkhej Constituency of Gujarat'. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
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- ^Deepal Trivedi (23 July 2010). 'Shrewd Modi loyalist able to 'manage everything''. Asian Age.
- ^Exclusive! Amit Shah on Friday: Wakes up late, eats poha, chats with Modi, Rediff.com, May 16, 2014
- ^The ‘Shah’ of BJP’s game plan who wants to alter India’s political culture, Hindustan Times, Jul 17, 2016
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amit Shah. |
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Amit Shah |
Lok Sabha | ||
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Preceded by L. K. Advani | Member of Parliament for Gandhinagar 2019 – Present | Succeeded by Incumbent |
Political offices | ||
Preceded by Rajnath Singh | Minister of Home Affairs 30 May 2019 – Present | Incumbent |
Party political offices | ||
Preceded by Rajnath Singh | President of the Bharatiya Janata Party 2014–present | Incumbent |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Shah&oldid=902515905'
Emperor: Padishah, Shahanshah | |
High King: | |
King:, Sultan, Shah, Khan | |
Royal Prince : Shahzada (Şehzade), Mirza | |
Noble Prince : Sahibzada | |
Nobleman: Nawab, Baig, Begzada | |
Royal house : Damat | |
Governmental : Lala, Agha, Hazinedar |
Shah (/ʃɑː/; Persian: شاه, romanized: Šāh, pronounced [ʃɒːh], 'king') is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically known as Persia in the West).[1] It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs. It was also used by Persianate societies such as the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (spelled as Şah and Şeh in the modern Turkish language), Mughal emperors of the Indian Subcontinent, the Bengal Sultanate,[2] as well as in Afghanistan. In Iran (and the Greater Iran region) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the Shahanshah (Persian: شاهنشاه, romanized: Šāhanšāh, 'King of Kings') or Padishah (Persian: پادشاه, romanized: Pādešāh, 'Master King') of the Persian Empire.
Other words for King in other Iranian languages, like Sogdianxšyδ, Kurdish, Parthian and Gilakišāh, Bactrianšao,Luri and Mazandraniša and Pashtopača are also from the same root.
Etymology[edit]
The word descends from Old Persianxšāyaθiya 'king', which (for reasons of historical phonology) must be a borrowing from Median,[3] and is derived from the same root as Avestanxšaϑra-, 'power' and 'command', corresponding to Sanskrit (Old Indic) kṣatra- (same meaning), from which kṣatriya-, 'warrior', is derived. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was Xšāyathiya Xšāyathiyānām or Šāhe Šāhān, 'King of Kings'[4] or 'Emperor'.
History[edit]
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, was the last ruler to hold the title of shah.
Šāh, or Šāhanšāh (King of Kings) to use the full-length term, was the title of the Persian emperors. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid dynasty, who unified Persia in the sixth century BC, and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the twentieth century and the Imperial House of Pahlavi.
While in Western sources the Ottoman monarch is most often referred to as a Sultan, in Ottoman territory he was most often referred to as Padishah and several used the title Shah in their tughras. Their male offspring received the title of Şehzade, or prince (literally, 'offspring of the Shah', from Persian shahzadeh).
The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was Xšāyaθiya Xšāyaθiyānām, literally 'King of Kings' in Old Persian, corresponding to Middle PersianŠāhān Šāh, and Modern Persian شاهنشاه (Šāhanšāh).[5][6] In Greek, this phrase was translated as βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων (basileus tōn basiléōn), 'King of Kings', equivalent to 'Emperor'. Both terms were often shortened to their roots shah and basileus.
In Western languages, Shah is often used as an imprecise rendering of Šāhanšāh. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the King of Persia and with the spelling Shaw. For a long time, Europeans thought of Shah as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Ottoman Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as padishah.
In the twentieth century, the Shah of Persia, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially adopted the title شاهنشاهŠāhanšāh and, in western languages, the rendering Emperor. He also styled his wife شهبانوShahbānu ('Empress'). Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah, as the Iranian monarchy was abolished after the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
Ruler styles[edit]
- From the reign of Ashot III (952/53–77), the Bagratid kings of Armenia used the title shahanshah, meaning 'king of kings'.[7]
- The title Padishah (Great King) was adopted from the Iranians by the Ottomans and by various other monarchs claiming imperial rank, such as the Mughals that established their dynasty in the Indian subcontinent.
- Another subsidiary style of the Ottoman and Mughal rulers was Shah-i-Alam Panah, meaning 'King, refuge of the world'.
- The Shah-Armens ('Kings of Armenia', sometimes known as Ahlahshahs), used the title Shāh-i Arman (lit. 'Shah of Armenia').[8]
- Some monarchs were known by a contraction of the kingdom's name with shah, such as Khwarezmshah, ruler of the short-lived Muslim realm of Khwarezmia, or the Shirvanshah of the historical Iranian region of Shirvan (present-day Republic of Azerbaijan)
- The kings of Georgia called themselves shahanshah alongside their other titles.[citation needed] Georgian title mepetmepe (also meaning King of Kings [Mepe-king in Georgian]) was also inspired by the shahanshah title.
Shahzadeh[edit]
Shahzadeh (Persian شاهزاده Šāhzādeh). In the realm of a shah (or a more lofty derived ruler style), a prince or princess of the blood was logically called shahzada as the term is derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -zādeh or -zāda, 'born from' or 'descendant of'. However the precise full styles can differ in the court traditions of each shah's kingdom. This title was given to the princes of the Ottoman Empire (Şehzade, Ottoman Turkish: شهزاده) and was used by the princes of Islamic India (Shahzāda, Urdu: شہزاده) such as in the Mughal Empire. It is to be noted, however, that the Mughals and the Sultans of Delhi were not of Indian origin but of Mongol-Turkic origin and were heavily influenced by Persian culture,[9][10][11] a continuation of traditions and habits ever since Persian language was first introduced into the region by Persianised Turkic and Afghan dynasties centuries earlier.[12][13]
Thus, in Oudh, only sons of the sovereign shah bahadur (see above) were by birth-right styled 'Shahzada [personal title] Mirza [personal name] Bahadur', though this style could also be extended to individual grandsons and even further relatives. Other male descendants of the sovereign in the male line were merely styled 'Mirza [personal name]' or '[personal name] Mirza'. This could even apply to non-Muslim dynasties. For example, the younger sons of the ruling Sikh maharaja of Punjab were styled 'Shahzada [personal name] Singh Bahadur'.
The corruption shahajada, 'Shah's son', taken from the Mughal title Shahzada, is the usual princely title borne by the grandsons and male descendants of a Nepalese sovereign, in the male line of the Shah dynasty.
For the heir to a 'Persian-style' shah's royal throne, more specific titles were used, containing the key element Vali Ahad, usually in addition to shahzada, where his junior siblings enjoyed this style.[14]
Other styles[edit]
- Shahbanu (Persian شهبانو, Šahbānū): Persian term using the word shah and the Persian suffix -banu ('lady'): Empress, in modern times, the official title of Empress Farah Pahlavi.
- Shahmam (Persian شهمام, 'Šahmām') : Empress mother.
- Shahdokht (Persian شاهدختŠāhdoxt) is also another term derived from shah using the Persian patronymic suffix -dokht 'daughter, female descendant', to address the Princess of the imperial households.
- Shahpur (Persian شاهپورŠāhpu:r) also been derived from shah using the archaic Persian suffix -pur 'son, male descendant', to address the Prince.
- Şehzade (Ottoman Turkish), (شاهزاده): Ottoman Turkish termination for prince (lit; offspring of the Shah) derived from Persian Shahzadeh.
- malik al-muluk 'king of kings', an Arabic title used by the Iranian Buyids, a Persianized form of the Abbasid amir al-umara
Related terms[edit]
- Satrap, the term in Western languages for a governor of a Persian province, is a distortion of xšaθrapāvan, literally 'guardian of the realm', which derives from the word xšaθra, an Old Persian word meaning 'realm, province' and related etymologically to shah.
- Maq'ad-i-Shah, (Persian مقعد شاه Maq'ad-i-Shah), the phrase from which the name of Mogadishu is believed to be derived, which means 'seat of the Shah', a reflection of the city's early Persian influence.[15]
- The English word 'check', in all senses, is in fact derived from 'shah' (from Persian via Arabic, Latin and French). Related terms such as 'checker' and 'chess' and 'exchequer' likewise originate from the Persian word, their modern senses having developed from the original meaning of the king piece.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Yarshater, Ehsan Persia or Iran, Persian or FarsiArchived 2010-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, Iranian Studies, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989)
- ^Hasan, Perween (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh.
- ^An introduction to Old Persian (p. 149). Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.
- ^Old Persian. Appendices, Glossaries, Indices & Transcriptions. Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.
- ^D. N. MacKenzie. A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. Routledge Curzon, 2005. ISBN0-19-713559-5
- ^M. Mo’in. An Intermediate Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes. Amir Kabir Publications, Teheran, 1992.
- ^Tim Greenwood, Emergence of the Bagratuni Kingdoms, p. 52, in Armenian Kars and Ani, Richard Hovannisian, ed.
- ^Clifford Edmund Bosworth 'The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual'. 'The Shāh-i Armanids', p. 197.
- ^Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire, Cambridge University Press, p. 6, ISBN978-0-521-56603-2
- ^Schimmel, Annemarie (2004), The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture, Reaktion Books, p. 22, ISBN978-1-86189-185-3
- ^Balabanlilar, Lisa (15 January 2012), Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia, I.B.Tauris, p. 2, ISBN978-1-84885-726-1
- ^Sigfried J. de Laet. History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century UNESCO, 1994. ISBN9231028138 p 734
- ^'South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny'. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- ^Shahzada son of shah, Newsvine.com
- ^David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 12.
External links[edit]
Look up shah in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Last name: Shah at surnamedb.com
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah&oldid=897314689'